Plugin Photoshop : Digital Element Aurora

Aurora memiliki efek-efek yang berhubungan dengan air, langit/awan/kabut, pengaturan pencahayaan di luar ruangan, ambient light, volumetric, dan efek-efek natural yang lain.
Ini adalah salah satu contoh effect dari aurora :

Bagi anda yang ingin segera mencobanya, bisa langsung mendownloadnya di sini ...
Size: 15.5 MB (Medicine in the archive)
http://hotfile.com/dl/33180737/c5f7b75/Digital.Element.Aurora.v2.1.rar.html

Membuat Icon Smadav

Membuat Icon Smadav

Posted by aldo

Siap? kita mulai
1. Buat dulu dokumen baru (Ctrl+N)

2. Klik Pen Tool, lalu buat shape seperti ini

3. Klik 2 kali kotak seperti yang ada di gambar, lalu ganti warnanya dengan #01fa09

4. Tekan Ctrl+Shift+N untuk membuat layer baru. Buat lagi shape seperti ini (Merah), lalu warnai

5. Buat Lagi layer baru, buat shape (merah), lalu warnai lagi. Jarak antar shape nggak terlalu rapat juga gpp, nanti tertutupi garis.

Maap ya.. bentuknya gak rata (lg malas) ^_*
Wah udah mulai keren neh....
6. Sekarang kita buat garis-garisnya. Pilih Pen Tool, lalu atur kaya gini. Buat garis dengan Pen tool seperti di bawah (merah)

7. Lalu kita warnai. Klik brush Tool, klik kanan di area kerja, atur seperti di bawah ini. Klik Foreground color atur juga warnanya.

8. Klik kembali Pen Tool, klik kanan di Path yang tadi telah dibuat, klik Stroke Path, lalu atur kaya gini

Lalu Klik kanan-Delete Path pada Path tadi.
9. Lakukan juga pada garis yang lain (tidak perlu buat layer baru)
Nah..... Hasil sementara...

Lanju.....t.. yu......k
10. Select semua layer kecuali layer background dengan cara Ctrl+klik pada nama layer, lalu drag (klik sambil tarik) ke icon group dibawah.

11. Klik kanan-Duplicate Group buat nama grup: Shadow karena nanti fungsinya sebagai bayangan
12. Klik Transform-Flip Vertical, lalu tarik ke bawah sambil tekan dan tahan Shift supaya tetap lurus ke bawah
Jadi kaya gini..

13. Klik icon Add Layer Mask (di dekat icon group) dengan posisi Grup Shadow ter-select

14. Klik Gradient Tool (di bawah Paint Bucket tool)
15. Drag dari atas sampai kira-kira setengah, Ubah opacity menjadi 65 %

16. Tinggal tambahin Text

Bisa juga di kreasiin kaya gini

Berhasil belum?? Kalo belum, berusaha terus ya.. Pasti bisa kok, yang penting ada kemauan karena Dimana ada Kemauan, Disitu ada Jalan
Terima Kasih bagi yang telah melirik, membaca, maupun mempraktekkan Tutorial ini.
Sekali lagi maaf ya kalo gambarnya gak bagus karena ngerjainnya sambil malas-malasan ngisi waktu luang
Bila ada kesalahan mohon dimaafkan.
Terima Kasih.

Membuat Simply Angry Icon

Membuat Simply Angry Icon

Posted by aldo

Oke kita mulai aja
1. Buat dokumen baru (Ctrl+N)

2. Buat layer baru (Ctrl+Shift+N). Klik Elliptical Marque Tool Lalu buat Lingkaran seperti dibawah. Warnai sesuka hati.

Kaya bendera jepang ya...
3. Klik Gradient Tool, lalu ubah warnanya.

4. Ctrl+klik di layer Thumbnail, Lalu drag (klik dan tarik) dari tengah ke pinggir.

Ctrl+D untuk deselect (menghilangkan seleksi)
5. Buat Layer baru (Ctrl+Shift+N), Buat seleksi lagi dan warnai dengan warna putih (#FFFFFF) seperti gambar.

6. Klik Add Layer Mask, lalu klik Gradient Tool. Drag dari kiri atas ke tengah.

7. Sekarang, kita buat matanya. Buat layer baru, lalu buat seleksi dengan Klik Elliptical Marque Tool dan warnai putih, lalu Ctrl+klik pada Layer Thumbnail. Pilih brushTool ukuran besar dan soft round, warnai di pinggir kiri bawah dengan warna #a7a7a7. Cukup kenakan sedikit dari brush

8. Tekan Ctrl+J (untuk menggandakan layer), Ubah sedemikian rupa agar warna gelapnya menjadi di bawah (sebelumnya agak ke kiri) dengan Transform (Ctrl+T)
9. Kita buat hitam matanya. Buat Layer baru (Ctrl+Shift+N) Buat lingkaran (agak lonjong juga gpp), Lalu warnai dengan warna hitam.
10. Klik Brush Tool pilih warna putih dan Opacity sekitar 75%, warnai Shape hitam yang dibuat barusan pada bagian kanan atas.

11. Drag ke mata yang satunya lagi sambil menekan Alt
12. Kita buat alis matanya. Klik Rectangle Tool atau tekan U, buat persegi panjang yang agak panjang. Lalu Transform (Ctrl+T) sedemikian rupa hingga jadi seperti di gambar.

13. Buat di mata yang satu lagi...

14. Gabungkan kedua layer alis (Ctrl+E) dengan posisi layer teratas ter-select)
15. Klik Filter-Blur-Gaussian Blur

16. Nah Tinggal mulut, Buat layer baru, klik Pen Tool, lalu buat garis seperti di bawah (biru).

17. Klik Brush Tool, pilih ukuran 5px, hardness 100% warna Hitam pekat (#000000). Kembali ke Pen Tool, klik kanan Path yang telah dibuat, Stroke Path.

Kita lihat hasilnya...

Tinggal kreasiin dikit

Gimana Mudah dan simple kan? Selamat mencoba
Terima kasih bagi yang sudah melirik, melihat, maupun memprektekkan tutorial ini
Bila ada kesalahan mohon dimaafkan. Terima kasih

3000 Koleksi Javascript

Oke langsung download saja >>
http://rapidshare.com/files/253023874/3000Javascript_by_KIKO.rar
http://www.filefactory.com/file/ahb47h5/n/3000Javascript_by_KIKO_rar
http://www.multiupload.com/7VZ5GJCQPF

5 konsep pemasaran

SESEBUAH industri mempraktik konsep pemasaran tertentu untuk mencapai objektif pemasarannya. Konsep pemasaran dipilih berasaskan kepada kesediaan produk dan keupayaan fasiliti pemasaran oleh industri tersebut, serta bersesuaian pula dengan faktor-faktor persekitaran pasaran dan pembelian oleh pengguna sasaran.  

Secara umum, terdapat lima konsep pemasaran, di mana setiap konsep tersebut dibezakan oleh bentuk orientasi dan penumpuan industri dalam melaksanakan aktiviti pemasaran masing-masing, iaitu: 
a.          Konsep Pengeluaran
Konsep Pengeluaran adalah berasaskan kepercayaan bahawa pengguna lebih berminat membeli produk yang berharga murah serta mudah diperolehi. Oleh itu, industri akan memberi tumpuan kepada kecekapan pengeluaran produk dalam jumlah yang tinggi, menggunakan kos sumber yang rendah, menawarkan harga jualan yang murah dan mengadakan liputan pengedaran yang luas.
Konsep ini sesuai sebagai strategi untuk meluaskan pasaran produk. Pengguna sasaran adalah golongan yang membeli produk disebabkan keperluan dan tidak mengutamakan ciri -ciri produk tersebut.
Oleh kerana konsep pemasaran ini mengutamakan  prestasi dalam pengeluaran serta penjualan produk, maka industri yang memilih konsep pemasaran ini biasanya kurang menitikberatkan aspek kualiti layanan dan perkhidmatan kepada pelanggan. 
b.          Konsep Produk
Konsep Produk adalah berasaskan kepada prinsip bahawa pengguna akan menghargai dan lebih mengutamakan produk yang menawarkan kualiti, prestasi dan ciri-ciri inovatif yang terbaik.  Untuk itu, industri akan memberi lebih tumpuan kepada merekacipta produk yang berprestige – mempunyai attribute dan value yang terbaik dalam kelasnya yang tersendiri -  serta menyempurnakan pengeluarannya walaupun dengan kos yang tinggi. 
Segmen pasaran dan pengguna sasaran adalah terpilih kerana ciri-ciri produk yang spesifik serta harga tawaran yang tinggi. Sementara keuntungan pula tidak diasaskan kepada volume jualan, sebaliknya ia ditentukan melalui margin keuntungan yang telah ditetapkan.
Bagaimana pun, disebabkan terlalu committed  terhadap usaha mengadakan kualiti dan inovasi produk, industri yang berorientasikan konsep pemasaran ini cenderung tidak memperhatikan trend sebenar pengguna di pasaran.  Produk yang dikeluarkan kadangkala mengalami kesulitan dalam pemasaran kerana faktor-faktor persekitaran pasaran yang sering terlepas pandang seperti timing, perubahan kuasa belian pengguna dan persaingan produk. 
c.          Konsep Jualan
Konsep Jualan  berorientasikan menjual produk melalui kaedah pemasaran yang lebih agresif.  Industri yang memilih konsep ini percaya bahawa pengguna mempunyai minat yang rendah untuk membeli produknya serta tidak akan membeli produk dengan mencukupi sebagaimana diharapkan sekiranya tidak didorong.  
Konsep ini dipraktik apabila industri mempunyai kelebihan keupayaan dalam menyediakan produk serta berkeyakinan bahawa ia mempunyai fasiliti yang cukup untuk melaksanakan aktiviti pemasaran yang dirancang.  
Produk yang dipasarkan biasanya terdiri dari kategori bukan keperluan yang mana pengguna mungkin tidak berusaha atau terfikir untuk membelinya. Sebagai contoh, penjual insuran, kad diskaun dan encyclopedia biasa menggunakan kaedah hard-sell supaya pengguna membeli produknya.  Selain itu, konsep ini juga sesuai bila industri mempunyai stok yang banyak bagi sesuatu produk. Di sini, tujuan pemasaran adalah lebih kepada untuk menghabiskan stok, sementara faedah di pihak pengguna kurang diutamakan.
Memandangkan prestasi jualan adalah berasaskan faktor dorongan terhadap pengguna, maka aktiviti mempromosi akan dijalankan dalam berbagai versi yang lebih menarik semaada secara direct atau melalui media pengiklanan yang luas. 
d.           Konsep Pemasaran
Konsep Pemasaran berbeza dengan tiga konsep yang dinyatakan di atas. Konsep ini berorientasikan memenuhi keperluan dan kemahuan pengguna dengan efektif, sedangkan tiga konsep sebelumnya berorientasikan kepentingan industri untuk menjual produk.   
Empat perkara berikut merupakan prinsip utama yang menjadi tonggak kepada  konsep pemasaran ini, iaitu: 

• Pasar sasaran – memiilih pasar sasaran yang tepat dan membentuk aktiviti pemasaran dengan sempurna.
• Keperluan pengguna -  memahami kehendak sebenar pengguna dan memenuhinya dengan lebih efektif. 
• Pemasaran berintegrasi - kesemua fungsi / sub-unit industri bekerjasama memenuhi tanggungjawab pemasaran. 
• Keuntungan - mencapai keuntungan melalui kepuasan pelanggan. 

e.          Konsep Kesejahteraan
Konsep Kesejahteraan adalah langsungan daripada Konsep Pemasaran di mana ia ditambah dengan unsur-unsur  kepekaan industri terhadap kesejahteraan pengguna serta masyarakat keseluruhan. Ianya berasaskan prinsip bahawa industri mempunyai tanggunjawab sosial yang perlu dipenuhi dalam masa ia bertindak   mencapai objektifnya. 
Melalui konsep ini, industri sentiasa mengambilkira kepentingan sosial dan etika sebagai satu agenda bersama dalam membuat keputusan pemasaran. Oleh itu, dalam pemasarannya, industri perlu menyeimbangkan antara tiga kriteria berikut: 

• keuntungan yang perlu diperolehi
• kepuasan penguna yang perlu dipenuhi
• kesejahteraan masyarakat yang perlu di pelihara

WALAU apa pun konsep pemasaran yang akan digunapakai oleh sesebuah industri bersesuaian dengan objektif dan orientasinya, namun aktiviti pemasaran sepatutnya berpandukan filosofi yang berasaskan kecekapan dan keberkesanan dalam penyampaian produk serta perlulah mengambilkira faktor kesejahteraan terhadap masyarakat.

Entri ini dikirim pada hari Ahad, 8 April 2007, 10:49 pm dan diletakkan dalam kategori Bisnes, Pemasaran, Pengurusan, Perniagaan. Anda boleh mengikuti sebarang respons bagi entri ini melalui suapan RSS 2.0. Anda boleh meninggalkan respons atau menjejak balik daripada tapak web anda.

Bauran Pemasaran

== Bauran Pemasaran ==
Bauran pemasaran adalah empat komponen dalam pemasaran yang terdiri dari 4P yakni

* ''Product'' (produk)
* ''Price'' (harga)
* ''Place'' (tempat, termasuk juga distribusi)
* ''Promotion'' (promosi)

Karena pemasaran bukanlah ilmu pasti seperti keuangan, teori bauran pemasaran juga terus berkembang. Dalam perkembangannya, dikenal juga istilah 7P dimana 3P yang selanjutnya adalah People (Orang), Physical Evidence (Bukti Fisik), Process (Proses). Penulis buku Seth Godin, misalnya, juga menawarkan teori P baru yaitu ''Purple Cow''.[http://www.sethgodin.com/purple/ Seth Godin: Purple Cow], Website resmi.

Pemasaran lebih dipandang sebagai seni daripada ilmu, maka seorang ahli pemasaran tergantung pada lebih banyak pada ketrampilan pertimbangan dalam membuat kebijakan daripada berorientasi pada ilmu tertentu.

Pandangan ahli ekonomi terhadap pemasaran adalah dalam menciptakan waktu, tempat dimana produk diperlukan atau diinginkan lalu menyerahkan produk tersebut untuk memuaskan kebutuhan dan keinginan konsumen (konsep pemasaran).
{{br}}
Metode pemasaran klasik seperti 4P di atas berlaku juga untuk [[pemasaran internet]], meskipun di internet pemasaran dilakukan dengan banyak metode lain yang sangat sulit diimplementasikan diluar dunia internet.

Strategi pemasaran

== Strategi pemasaran ==
Strategi pemasaran merupakan hal yang sangat penting bagi perusahaan dimana strategi pemasaran merupakan suatu cara mencapai tujuan dari sebuah perusahaan. Hal ini juga didukung oleh pendapat Swastha “Strategi adalah serangkaian rancangan besar yang menggambarkan bagaimana sebuah perusahaan harus beroperasi untuk mencapai tujuannya.” William J. Stanton, Prinsip Pemasaran, Alih Bahasa Wilhelmus W. Bokowatun, Erlangga,
Jakarta, 1991, hlm. 5. Sehingga dalam menjalankan usaha kecil khususnya diperlukan adanya pengembangan melalui strategi pemasarannya. Karena pada saat kondisi kritis justru usaha kecillah yang mampu memberikan pertumbuhan terhadap pendapatan masyarakat. Pemasaran Menurut W.Y.Stanton pemasaran adalah sesuatu yang meliputi seluruh sistem yang berhubungan dengan tujuan untuk merencanakan dan menentukan harga sampai dengan mempromosikan dan mendistribusikan barang dan jasa yang bisa memuaskan kebutuhan pembeli aktual maupun potensial. http://www.midas-solusi.com/knowledge-space,en,detail,33,strategi-pemasaran (13 Juni 2009)
Berdasarkan definisi di atas, proses pemasaran dimulai dari menemukan apa yang diinginkan oleh konsumen. Yang akhirnya pemasaran memiliki tujuan yaitu :

#     Konsumen potensial mengetahui secara detail produk yang kita hasilkan dan perusahaan dapat menyediakan semua permintaan mereka atas produk yang dihasilkan.
#     Perusahaan dapat menjelaskan secara detail semua kegiatan yang berhubungan dengan pemasaran. Kegiatan pemasaran ini meliputi berbagai kegiatan, mulai dari penjelasan mengenai produk, desain produk, promosi produk, pengiklanan produk, komunikasi kepada konsumen, sampai pengiriman produk agar sampai ke tangan konsumen secara cepat.
#     Mengenal dan memahami konsumen sedemikian rupa sehingga produk cocok dengannya dan dapat terjual dengan sendirinya.

Pada umumnya kegiatan pemasaran berkaitan dengan koordinasi beberapa kegiatan bisnis. Strategi pemasaran ini dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor sebagai berikut :
#     Faktor mikro, yaitu perantara pemasaran, pemasok, pesaing dan masyarakat
#     Faktor makro, yaitu demografi/ekonomi, politik/hukum, teknologi/fisik dan sosial/budaya.
Berikut ini adalah hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan untuk pemasaran :
Dari sudut pandang penjual :
#     Tempat yang strategis (place),
#     Produk yang bermutu (product),
#     Harga yang kompetitif (price), dan
#     Promosi yang gencar (promotion).

Dari sudut pandang konsumen :
#     Kebutuhan dan keinginan konsumen (customer needs and wants),
#     Biaya konsumen (cost to the customer),
#     Kenyamanan (convenience), dan
#     Komunikasi (comunication).
Dari apa yang sudah dibahas di atas ada beberapa hal yang dapat disimpulkan, bahwa pembuatan produk atau jasa yang diinginkan oleh konsumen harus menjadi fokus kegiatan operasional maupun perencanaan suatu perusahaan. Pemasaran yang berkesinambungan harus adanya koordinasi yang baik dengan berbagai departemen (tidak hanya di bagian pemasaran saja), sehingga dapat menciptakan sinergi di dalam upaya melakukan kegiatan pemasaran.

website hosting

Knowledge of website hosting is essential if you plan to make your website available for the world to see.
It's one thing to build a website using HTML, but so far in this tutorial, everything we've done has been on our own local machine. Unless you have your own web server with a permanent high-speed connection to the Internet, you'll need a website hosting provider to host your website.
If you already have a hosting provider that's great! But, if you don't, you'll need to start looking for one.

Basic Web Hosting Concepts

Whether you already have a web host or you're just beginning, you should know at least a little bit about the following hosting concepts:

• The different types of web hosting (i.e the differences between shared hosting, dedicated servers, and managed hosting)
• How to choose a good web hosting provider
• Domain names (i.e. yourwebsite.com)
• FTP - for uploading your website to the hosting provider
• Availability - how to monitor your web site's availability
• Technical support - what to expect from a hosting provider

It can be very difficult for a beginner to find information about this. Furthermore, there are many experienced web developers who don't know exactly what it is their web host does. I recommend that you make some effort to become familiar with the basic web hosting concepts, such as those outlined above.
If you need a hosting provider, our partner site, ZappyHost provides some of the best prices on the web. Check out these hosting plans.

HTML website templates

This lesson discusses HTML website templates (basically a prebuilt website where you can fill in the blanks).
One question many people ask before learning HTML is "Do I have to be good at design?".
The answer to that is "Not at all!".
OK, if you want a career building websites, it can help if you are a good designer. But, this is not essential. Many web developers either outsource their design to a professional designer, or purchase HTML website templates. They prefer to concentrate on building the actual website rather than designing the website.
An HTML website template is basically a prebuilt website, where you, the developer, can modify as required. All the HTML/CSS code and images are included in the template, and a good template will be compatible with most modern browsers. Some website templates come with a flash version and a non-flash version (i.e. HTML version).

Benefits of Using a Website Template

Here are some benefits of using an HTML website template:

• Speeds up development time - you don't need to spend hours designing your website, then converting that into code, then checking for browser compatibility etc.
• More professional looking website - unless you're a very good designer, it will be difficult to achieve a great looking website every time. And, if you're not a good designer, your websites will reflect this.
• Learning - using an HTML website template is a great way to learn from other developers. Once you've downloaded the template, you have full access to the code, so you can learn the tricks the developers used in achieving an effect.
• Cheaper & easier than hiring a professional designer.

Free Website Templates

Quackit provides a large selection of free website templates. You can choose from a list of simple templates, or more advanced templates depending on your level of comfort and the layout that you need.

Simple Templates

If you're a beginner at HTML, try these templates first. Once you get used to these templates, try some of the more advanced templates in the next section.

		More Simple Templates...
Download | Preview	Download | Preview

Advanced Templates

If you're comfortable with HTML, these templates provide a quick and easy way of creating a professional looking website.

		More Website Templates...
Download | Preview	Download | Preview

Script

A script is a small, embedded program that can add interactivity to your website. For example, a script could generate a pop-up alert box message, or provide a dropdown menu.
Because HTML doesn't actually have scripting capability, you need to use the

This would open a JavaScript alert as soon as the page loads.

Triggering a Script

In many cases, you won't want the script to run automatically. You might only want the script to run if the user does something (like hover over a link), or once the page has finished loading.
These actions are called intrinsic events (events for short). There are 18 pre-defined intrinsic events that can trigger a script to run. You use event handlers to tell the browser which event should trigger which script. These are specified as an attribute within the HTML tag.
Lets say you want a message to display in the status bar whenever the user hovers over a link. The act of hovering over the link is an event which is handled by the onmouseover event handler. You add the onmouseover attribute to the HTML tag to tell the browser what to do next.
HTML Code:

Treat yourself to a onMouseover="window.status='Go on, you know you want to'; return true">Killer Ab Workout

This results in:

Treat yourself to a Killer Ab Workout

Status bar messages aren't supported by all browsers. If you see no change to the status bar, it's likely that your browser doesn't support this piece of JavaScript.
Before we move on, check out the list of intrinsic events as specified by HTML 4.01

Calling an External Script

You can also place your scripts into their own file, then call that file from your HTML document. This is useful if you want the same scripts available to multiple HTML documents - it saves you from having to "copy and paste" the scripts into each HTML document. This makes it much easier to maintain your website.
HTML Code:

Hide Scripts from Older Browsers

Athough most (if not all) browsers these days support scripts, some older browsers don't. If a browser doesn't support JavaScript, instead of running your script, it would display the code to the user. To prevent this from happening, you can simply place HTML comments around the script. Older browsers will ignore the script, while newer browsers will run it.
HTML Code:

Alternate Information for Older Browsers

You can also provide alternative info for users whose browsers don't support scripts (and for users who have disabled scripts). You do this using the


Set a Default Scripting Language

You can specify a default scripting language for all your script tags to use. This saves you from having to specify the language everytime you use a script tag within the page.
HTML Code:

Note that you can still override the default by specifying a language within the script tag.

Styles

HTML is quite limited when it comes to the appearance of its elements. This is not so good if you're trying to give a website a unique look and feel, or you're trying to adhere to a corporate identity.
But, never fear - CSS is here!
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets, and its purpose is to enable web authors/designers to apply styles across their websites. With CSS, you can specify a number of style properties for a given HTML element. Each property has a name and a value, separated by a colon (:). Each property declaration is separated by a semi-colon (;).

Example of Style Sheet Usage

HTML Code:

HTML Styles with CSS

This results in:

HTML Styles with CSS

The above code is an example of inline styles. It is called inline because we declared the styles within the HTML tag itself. We could also use embedded styles or even external styles.
Embedded styles refers to declaring all styles in one place (usually the head of the document). Each element then knows to use the style that was previously declared.
External styles refers to creating a separate file that contains all style information. This file is then linked to from as many HTML pages as you like - even the whole site.
For more information on styles, see the CSS Tutorial.
To see what styles you can apply, check out the full list of CSS properties.

layout

You may have noticed that many websites have multiple columns in their layout - they are formatted like a magazine or newspaper. Many websites achieved this HTML layout using tables.

HTML layout with tables

Tables have been a popular method for achieving advanced layouts in HTML. Generally, this involves putting the whole web page inside a big table. This table has a different column or row for each main section.
For example, the following HTML layout example is achieved using a table with 3 rows and 2 columns - but the header and footer column spans both columns (using the colspan attribute):
This HTML code...

     
       Header     
   
     
       Left menu        Item 1        Item 2        Item 3...     
     
       Main body     
   
     
       Footer     
   

produces this layout...

Header
Left menu Item 1 Item 2 Item 3...	Main body
Footer

HTML layout with DIV, SPAN and CSS

Although we can achieve pretty nice layouts with HTML tables, tables weren't really designed as a layout tool. Tables are more suited to presenting tabular data.
The div element is a block level element used for grouping HTML elements. Once grouped, formatting can be applied to the div element and everything contained within it. While the div tag is a block-level element, the HTML span element is used for grouping elements at an inline level.
Using our previous HTML layout, we can use DIV and CSS to achieve a similar effect. The following code...

  

    Header
  

    Left menu

    Item 1

    Item 2

    Item 3...
  

    Main body
  

    Footer
  

produces this layout...

Header

Left menu
Item 1
Item 2
Item 3...

Main body

Footer

One change to this that I'd recommend is that you place the CSS into an external style sheet.
One major benefit of using CSS is that, if you place your CSS in a separate location (i.e. an external style sheet), your site becomes much easier to maintain.

Advanced Layouts

As you build more websites you'll be able to develop more advanced layouts.
Because advanced layouts take time to create, a quicker option is to use a template. Web templates are basically a pre-built website that enables you to customize as required

entities

HTML entities (also known as character entity references) enable you to use characters that aren't supported by the document's character encoding or your keyboard. For example, you can type © to output a copyright symbol.
You can also use numeric character references. Numeric character references can be defined with either a decimal or hexadecimal value (although decimal is more common). The numeric character reference for the copyright symbol is © (decimal) and © (hexadecimal).
A key benefit that numeric character references have over entities is that they can be used to specify any unicode character, whereas entities can only specify some.

Entity Example

Many web developers use entities for outputing HTML code to the browser (or at least, outputing one of the characters used by the HTML language).
Lets say you have a website about web design. And lets say you want to display the tag required for creating a horizontal rule 20% wide. Well, if you type the tag (

---

) into your code, the browser is simply going to render it as it should be (rather than output the actual code example). Like this...

---

... you see, instead of displaying the code, the browser rendered the code.
What you should have typed in is this:

<hr width="50%" />

The < replaces the < and the > replaces the >.

Frames

In HTML, frames enable you present multiple HTML documents within the same window. For example, you can have a left frame for navigation and a right frame for the main content.
Frames are achieved by creating a frameset page, and defining each frame from within that page. This frameset page doesn't actually contain any content - just a reference to each frame. The HTML frame tag is used to specify each frame within the frameset. All frame tags are nested with a frameset tag.
So, in other words, if you want to create a web page with 2 frames, you would need to create 3 files - 1 file for each frame, and 1 file to specify how they fit together.

Creating Frames

Two Column Frameset

HTML Code:

The frameset (frame_example_frameset_1.html):

The top frame (frame_example_top.html):

This is the Top frame (frame_example_top.html).

(The left and right frames don't change)

View the result

Remove the Borders

You can get rid of the borders if you like. Officially, you do this using frameborder="0". I say, officially because this is what the HTML specification specifies. Having said that, different browsers support different attributes, so for maximum browser support, use the frameborder, border, and framespacing attributes.
HTML Code:

The frameset (frame_example_frameset_3.html):

border="0" frameborder="0" framespacing="0" rows="20%,*">
  

  
  

(The left, right, and top frames don't change)

View the result

Load Another Frame

Most websites using frames are configured so that clicking a link in one frame loads another frame. A common example of this is having a menu in one frame, and the main body in the other (like our example).
This is achieved using the name attribute. You assign a name to the target frame, then in your links, you specify the name of the target frame using the target attribute.
Tip: You could use base target="content" at the top of your menu file (assuming all links share the same target frame). This would remove the need to specify a target frame in each individual link.
HTML Code:

The frameset (frame_example_frameset_4.html):

  
  name="content" src ="/html/tutorial/frame_example_yellow.html" />

The left frame (frame_example_left_2.html):

This is the left frame (frame_example_left_2.html).
target="content" href="frame_example_yellow.html">Yellow

target="content" href="frame_example_lime.html">Lime

The yellow frame (frame_example_yellow.html):

This is the yellow frame (frame_example_yellow.html).

The lime frame (frame_example_lime.html):

This is the lime frame (frame_example_lime.html).

View the result

Tag Reference

Here's some more info on the above tags.

The frameset Tag

In your frameset tag, you specify either cols or rows, depending on whether you want frames to go vertically or horizontally.

Attribute	Description
rows	Specifies the number of rows and their height in either pixels, percentages, or relative lengths. Default is 100%
cols	Specifies the number of columns and their width in either pixels, percentages, or relative lengths. Default is 100%

The frame Tag

For each frame you want to display, you specify a frame tag. You nest these within the frameset tag.

Attribute	Description
name	Assigns a name to a frame. This is useful for loading contents into one frame from another.
longdesc	A long description - this can elaborate on a shorter description specified with the title attribute.
src	Location of the frame contents (for example, the HTML page to be loaded into the frame).
noresize	Specifies whether the frame is resizable or not (i.e. whether the user can resize the frame or not).
scrolling	Whether the frame should be scrollable or not (i.e. should scrollbars appear). Possible values: auto yes no
frameborder	Whether the frame should have a border or not. Possible values: 1 (border) 0 (no border)
marginwidth	Specifies the margin, in pixels, between the frame's contents and it's left and right margins.
marginheight	Specifies the margin, in pixels, between the frame's contents and it's top and bottom margins.

The noframe Tag

The noframes tag is used if the user's browser doesn't support frames. Anything you type in between the noframes tags is displayed in their browser.
HTML Code:

  <br>  <body>Your browser doesn't support frames.<br>  Therefore, this is the noframe version of the site.</body><br>  
  
  

If you're interested in building a frames based website, these HTML frames templates will help get you started.

Image Map

Image maps are images with clickable areas (sometimes referred to as "hotspots") that usually link to another page. If used tastefully, image maps can be really effective. If not, they can potentially confuse users.
To create an image map:

1. First, you need an image. Create an image using the usual method (i.e. via an image editor, then save as a gif or jpeg into your website's image folder).
2. Use the HTML map tag to create a map with a name. Inside this tag, you will specify where the clickable areas are with the HTML area tag
3. Use the HTML img tag to link to this image. In the img tag, use with the usemap attribute to define which image map to use (the one we just specified).

Image Map Example

HTML Code:

width="225" height="151" border="0"
alt="Mueller Hut, Mount Cook, and I"
usemap ="#muellermap" />

This results in:

OK, compared to our previous lessons, this code is looking quite complex. However, once you really study it, it is not that complex. All we are doing, is specifying an image, then we are creating a map with coordinates. The hardest part is getting all the coordinates right.
In our example, we use the area in conjunction with the shape and coord attributes. These accept the following attributes:

shape	Defines a shape for the clickable area. Possible values: default rect circle poly
coords	Specifies the coordinates of the clickable area. Coordinates are specified as follows: rect: left, top, right, bottom circle: center-x, center-y, radius poly: x1, y1, x2, y2, ...

You can use the above attributes to configure your own image map with as many shapes and clickable regions as you like.

tables

In HTML, the original purpose of tables was to present tabular data. Although they are still used for this purpose today, many web designers tended to use tables for advanced layouts. This is probably due to the restrictions that HTML has on layout capabilities - it wasn't really designed as a layout language.
Anyway, whether you use tables for presenting tabular data, or for page layouts, you will use the same HTML tags.

Basic table tags

In HTML, you create tables using the table tag, in conjunction with the tr and td tags. Although there are other tags for creating tables, these are the basics for creating a table in HTML.
HTML Code:

 
Table cell 1
Table cell 2

This results in:

Table cell 1

Table cell 2

You'll notice that we added a border attribute to the table tag. This particular attribute allows us to specify how thick the border will be. If we don't want a border we can specify 0 (zero). Other common attributes you can use with your table tag include width, width, cellspacing and cellpadding.
You can also add attributes to the tr and td tags. For example, you can specify the width of each table cell.
Widths can be specified in either pixels or percentages. Specifying the width in pixels allows you to specify an exact width. Percentages allows the table to "grow" or "shrink" depending on what else is on the page and how wide the browser is.
HTML Code:

cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5" width="100%"> 

 
width="20%">Table cell 1
Table cell 2

This results in:

Table cell 1

Table cell 2

Table Headers

Many tables, particularly those with tabular data, have a header row or column. In HTML, you can use the th tag.
Most browsers display table headers in bold and center-aligned.
HTML Code:

 
Table header
 
Table header
 
Table cell 1
Table cell 2

This results in:

Table header	Table header
Table cell 1	Table cell 2

Colspan

You can use the colspan attribute to make a cell span multiple columns.
HTML Code:

 
colspan="2">Table header
 
Table cell 1
Table cell 2

This results in:

Table header
Table cell 1	Table cell 2

Rowspan

Rowspan is for rows just what colspan is for columns (rowspan allows a cell to span multiple rows).
HTML Code:

 
rowspan="2">Table header
Table cell 1
 
Table cell 2

This results in:

Table header	Table cell 1
	Table cell 2

Color

You can apply color to your table using CSS. Actually, you can apply any applicable CSS property to your table - not just colors. For example, you can use CSS to apply width, padding, margin, etc
HTML Code:

 
Table header
Table cell 1
 
Table cell 2

This results in:

Table header	Table cell 1
	Table cell 2

forms

HTML enables us to create forms. This is where our websites can become more than just a nice advertising brochure. Forms allow us to build more dynamic websites that allow our users to interact with it.
An HTML form is made up of any number of form elements. These elements enable the user to do things such as enter information or make a selection from a preset options.
In HTML, a form is defined using the

tags. The actual form elements are defined between these two tags.

The Input Tag

This is the most commonly used tag within HTML forms. It allows you to specify various types of user input fields such as text, radio buttons, checkboxes etc.

Text

Text fields are used for when you want the user to type text or numbers into the form.

This results in:

Radio Buttons

Radio buttons are used for when you want the user to select one option from a pre-determined set of options.

This results in:

Checkboxes

Checkboxes are similar to radio buttons, but enable the user to make multiple selections..

This results in:

Submit

The submit button allows the user to actually submit the form.

This results in:

Select Lists

A select list is a dropdown list with options. This allows the user to select one option from a list of pre-defined options.
The select list is created using the select in conjunction with the option tag.

  Sydney  Melbourne  Cromwell  Queenstown

This results in:

Sydney Melbourne Cromwell Queenstown

Form Action

Usually when a user submits the form, you need the system to do something with the data. This is where the action page comes in. The action page is the page that the form is submitted to. This page could contain advanced scripts or programming that inserts the form data into a database or emails an administrator etc.
Creating an action page is outside the scope of this tutorial. In any case, many web hosts provide scripts that can be used for action page functionality, such as emailing the webmaster whenever the form has been completed. For now, we will simply look at how to submit the form to the action page.
You nominate an action page with the action attribute.
Example HTML Code:

action="/html/tags/html_form_tag_action.cfm" method="get">
First name:



Last name:

This results in:

First name:
Last name:

Oh, one last thing. You may have noticed the above example uses a method attribute. This attribute specifies the HTTP method to use when the form is submitted.
Possible values are:

• get (the form data is appended to the URL when submitted)
• post (the form data is not appended to the URL)

Providing this attribute is optional. If you don't provide it, the method will be post.

Comments

Before we go any further, I'd like to introduce the concept of comments. Although comments are optional, they can assist you greatly.
Comments are a part of the HTML code and is used to explain the code. This can be helpful for other HTML coders when trying to interpret someone elses code. It can also be useful for yourself if you have to revisit your code in many months, or even years time. Comments aren't displayed in the browser - they are simply there for the programmer's benefit.
You write comments like this:

Comments always start with . This tells the browser when a comment begins and ends.
Example HTML Code:

<-- Display a happy image --->

 width="100" height="100" alt="Smile" />

This results in:

As you can see, the comment is invisible to the user viewing the page in the browser. It is there, simply for the HTML coder's benefit.
Well, we have now finished the first part of this tutorial. We have covered a lot, and by now, you have learned enough to build a website.
If you'd like to learn some of the more advanced HTML techniques, such as, how to create tables, frames, forms etc, please continue!

meta tags

Meta tags allow you to provide metadata about your HTML pages. This can be very useful for search engines and can assist the "findability" of the information on your website.

What is Metadata?

Metadata is information about, or that describes, other data or information.
If we relate this to a web page, if you think about it for a moment, you could probably come up with a lot more information about a web page than what you're actually displaying to the reader. For example, there could be a number of keywords that are related to the page. You could probably give the page a description. The page also has an author - right? All these could be examples of metadata.

Metadata on the Web

Metadata is a very important part of the web. It can assist search engines in finding the best match when a user performs a search. Search engines will often look at any metadata attached to a page - especially keywords - and rank it higher than another page with less relevant metadata, or with no metadata at all.

Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents

You can add metadata to your web pages by placing tags between the and tags. The can include the following attributes:

Attribute	Description
Name	Name for the property. Can be anything. Examples include, keywords, description, author, revised, generator etc.
content	Specifies the property's value.
scheme	Specifies a scheme to use to interpret the property's value (as declared in the content attribute).
http-equiv	Used for http response message headers. For example http-equiv can be used to refresh the page or to set a cookie. Values include content-type, expires, refresh and set-cookie.

Example HTML Code:

Keywords:

Description:

Revision date (last time the document was updated):

Refresh the page every 10 seconds:

The above examples are some of the more common uses for the meta tag.

Images

Images make up a large part of the web - most websites contain images. HTML makes it very easy for you to embed images into your web page.
To embed an image into a web page, the image first needs to exist in either .jpg, .gif, or .png format. You can create images in an image editor (such as Adobe Photoshop) and save them in the correct format.
Once you've created an image, you need to embed it into your web page. To embed the image into your web page, use the tag, specifying the actual location of the image.

Example of Image Usage

HTML Code:

This results in:

The img above contains a number of attributes. These attributes tell the browser all about the image and how to display it. Here's an explanation of these attributes:

src	Required attribute. This is the path to the image. It can be either an absolute path, or a relative path (remember these terms from our last lesson?)
width	Optional attribute (but recommended). This specifies the width to display the image. If the actual image is wider, it will shrink to the dimensions you specify here. Likewise, if the actual image is smaller it will expand to your dimensions. I don't recommend specifying a different size for the image, as it will lose quality. It's better to make sure the image is the correct size to start with.
height	Optional attribute (but recommended). This specifies the height to display the image. This attribute works similar to the width.
alt	Alternate text. This specifies text to be used in case the browser/user agent can't render the image.

Image Alignment

You can determine how your images will be aligned, relative to the other content on the page (such as a paragraph of text). You do this using the align attribute.
HTML Code:

 width="100" height="100" alt="Smile" align="right"/>
Here is a paragraph of text to demonstrate HTML images and how
they can be aligned to the right of a paragraph (or paragraphs)
if you so desire.
This can be used to produce
some nice layout effects, especially if you have a lot of text,
and it runs right past the image. Otherwise,
the image will just hang below the text and may look funny.

This results in:

Here is a paragraph of text to demonstrate HTML images and how they can be aligned to the right of a paragraph (or paragraphs) if you so desire.
This can be used to produce some nice layout effects, especially if you have a lot of text, and it runs right past the image. Otherwise, the image will just hang below the text and may look funny.

Image Links

You can make your images "clickable" so that when a user clicks the image, it opens another URL. You do this by simply wrapping the image with hyperlink code.
HTML Code:

 width="100" height="100" alt="Smile" />

This results in:

Removing the Border

You might notice that this has created a border around the image. This is default behaviour for most browsers. If you don't want the border, specify border="0".
HTML Code:

 width="100" height="100" alt="Smile" border="0" />

This results in:

Creating Images

The above examples assumed that you already had an image to embed into your web page. To learn about creating images for the web, check out the Web Graphics Tutorial.